SCIENCE NOTES STANDARD 5 2026
New Curriculum for the Year 2026
SCIENCE TOPICS GRADE 5 NEW CURRICULUM
Chapter One: The Digestive System
The concept of the digestive system
Parts of the digestive system
Digestive system disorders
Proper eating habits
Chapter Two: Growth in plants and animals
The concept of growth in plants and animals
Growth in plants
Essential requirements for plant growth
Growth in animals
Stages of growth in the human body
Ways to cope with the changes that occur during puberty
Chapter Three: The Reproductive System
Concept of the human reproductive system
Human reproductive system
Defects in the reproductive system
Reproductive system care
Chapter Four: Magnetism
The concept of magnetism...
Magnet shapes
Magnetic properties
Uses of magnets
Magnet care
Vocabulary
Chapter Five: Coding in Computers
Sequence control structure
Vibadilika na opereta
Decision control structure
Drawing shapes in Scratch
CHAPTER ONE: THE
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
The concept
of the digestive system
Digestion is the
biological process by which food is broken down into small molecules containing
nutrients that the body can absorb. These nutrients are used by the body for
energy, growth, repair of damaged tissues, and protection against disease. In
order for the body to obtain these nutrients, food must be broken down into
small molecules that can be absorbed and used by the body. Digestion takes
place in the digestive system.
The digestive system is a
collection of organs or parts of the human body that are responsible for
breaking down food into small particles containing nutrients that can be
absorbed and used by the body. To maintain the health of this system, it is
important to eat a complete meal at the right time, drink enough water, and
avoid eating foods that are high in fat or sugar to enhance the health of the
digestive system. In addition to humans, other animals also have digestive
systems that differ depending on the type of food they eat.
Parts of
the digestive system
The digestive system
involves various organs that work together to facilitate the breakdown of food.
The human digestive system extends from the mouth to the anus. This system
includes the alimentary canal, organs, and glands that work together. The main
parts of the alimentary canal are the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small
intestine, and large intestine as shown in Figure. The small intestine includes
the duodenum and ileum. Similarly, the large intestine includes the colon,
rectum, and anus. The organs that make up the digestive system include the
tongue, liver, pancreas, and gallbladder. The digestive system also includes
the salivary glands and those found in the stomach. Also, some organs such as
the liver, pancreas, and gallbladder contain glands that produce enzymes used
in the digestion of food.
Illustration: human
digestive system
Mouth
The digestive process
begins in the mouth, where food is chewed and broken down by the teeth. It is
also where food is mixed with saliva. Carbohydrates begin to be digested in
this area and then transported through the esophagus to the stomach.
Throat
It is a part of the
digestive system located between the mouth and the esophagus. Its function is
to guide food from the mouth to the esophagus. Food is prevented from entering
the airway by a flap that closes the airway during swallowing. This flap is called
the epiglottis.
Did
The esophagus is a
muscular tube that connects the pharynx to the upper part of the stomach. Food
travels through the esophagus due to a series of contractions and relaxations
of the muscles in the walls of the esophagus. This causes the muscles in the walls
of the esophagus to push the food into the stomach.
Stomach
bag
Inside the stomach, food
is further processed with the help of acids and enzymes. These acids and
enzymes help digest proteins, carbohydrates, and fats, turning the food into a
thick mixture called chyme. This mixture is then transported to the small intestine
for further digestion and absorption of nutrients.
Small
intestine
This part is located
between the stomach and the large intestine. The first part of the small
intestine is called the duodenum. The duodenum receives enzymes from the
pancreas and bile from the gallbladder to break down food. Digestion of
carbohydrates, proteins, and fats takes place in this part. The last part of
the small intestine is called the ileum. The process of digestion of
carbohydrates ends in the ileum. When food reaches the ileum, it stimulates the
wall of the ileum to secrete juices. These juices contain enzymes that continue
to complete the digestion of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats. The function of
the small intestine is to absorb nutrients from the digested food so that they
can be used for various functions in the body.
Large
intestine
The large intestine is
located after the small intestine. Its function is to absorb water and minerals
from food waste and return them to the body. It also uses food waste to form
stool for excretion. The large intestine also contains beneficial bacteria that
help digest food waste and produce some vitamins. The colon, rectum, and anus
are parts of the large intestine.
Colony
The first part of the
large intestine is called the colon. This part is used to reabsorb water from
broken down food. It is also where some nutrients such as vitamins are produced
by bacteria found in this part. The colon also serves to store feces before
they are expelled from the body.
Pure
It is the second part of
the large intestine where stool is stored for a while before being expelled
from the body as a bowel movement. This part controls the elimination of stool
from the body.
A
way to relieve yourself
This is the last part of
the large intestine that is used for excreting feces. Feces are expelled from
the body through the anus.
Feces are the remains of
food that have not been digested and absorbed by the digestive system.
Digestive
system disorders
The digestive system can
be affected by a variety of disorders that can reduce the efficiency of food
digestion or nutrient absorption. A digestive disorder is a condition that
affects the normal functioning of the digestive system and makes it difficult
for the body to properly digest and absorb food. These disorders can be
genetic, hereditary, or caused by lifestyle and poor nutrition. Some of the
digestive system disorders are as follows:
Finding
a toilet is difficult.
This is a digestive
disorder that causes difficulty in passing stool or hard, dry stools. This
disorder is caused by eating a low-fiber diet, not drinking enough fluids, and
lack of exercise. Also, health problems such as poor colon function can cause
difficult bowel movements.
Prevention
methods
This condition is
prevented by eating foods with enough fiber such as fruits and vegetables,
drinking enough water and exercising regularly.
Constipation
It is a condition in
which the stomach becomes full, hard or swollen, often due to the accumulation
of gas in the stomach. The problem of constipation is caused by eating too much
food, eating foods that cause gas or the stomach does not tolerate some foods.
Symptoms of a person who is constipated are stomach pain, feeling full of gas
and belching. Sometimes the gas has a strong and unpleasant odor.
Prevention
methods
To prevent constipation,
you should eat in moderation and chew slowly to reduce the amount of air
swallowed. Also, drink enough water to facilitate the digestion of food in the
stomach. Reduce the intake of gassy foods such as beans and carbonated drinks
such as soda. Also, eating fruits and vegetables prevents constipation.
Heartburn
This is a condition that
occurs when acid from the stomach travels up into the esophagus, causing pain
or irritation in the throat. Symptoms of heartburn include a burning sensation
in the chest. Also, excessive chewing and a sour taste in the mouth. Heartburn
is caused by eating too much food. It is also caused by eating spicy or fatty
foods. These foods take longer to digest and can increase the production of
acid in the stomach. Another cause of heartburn is eating acidic foods like
lemons and limes in large quantities. Beverages such as soda, coffee and
alcohol can also cause heartburn. Also, eating food shortly before going to bed
can cause heartburn.
Prevention
methods
You can prevent heartburn
by eating slowly to make it easier to digest. Also, eat small but frequent
meals. Another way is to reduce the intake of foods that cause heartburn such
as oranges, lemons, grapefruit, potatoes, beans and tomatoes. Also, spices and
high fat are among the foods that should be avoided. Avoid lying down
immediately after finishing eating. Also, avoid exercising or doing strenuous
work shortly after eating. If heartburn worsens, it is best to seek medical
advice.
Stomach
ulcers
This condition is caused
by the breakdown of the mucous membrane in the stomach lining. The breakdown is
caused by eating acidic foods and going hungry for a long time. Also, bacterial
infections cause breakdowns in the stomach lining. The acid in the stomach
burns the damaged lining and forms ulcers. Stomach ulcers cause severe pain in
the stomach. Often, large stomach ulcers bleed. Symptoms of stomach ulcers
include severe pain like a burning sensation in the stomach lining. Other
symptoms are vomiting blood and having a heavy bowel movement mixed with blood.
Prevention
methods
You can avoid stomach
ulcers by eating on time and reducing consumption of foods high in acid. Also,
quitting smoking, Drinking alcohol or strong drinks helps prevent stomach
ulcers.
Proper
eating habits
Proper eating habits are
important to maintain good health and prevent problems that may arise in the
digestive system. Proper eating includes a complete diet with all food groups
in the right proportions. These food groups include carbohydrates, proteins,
fats, vitamins, minerals and water. Also, it is important to have a specific
time to eat and reduce going for long periods without eating or eating foods
that lack basic nutrients. We are advised to eat whole grain foods and drink
enough water to enable the digestive system to work effectively. It is good to
drink water half an hour before or after eating to improve the digestive
system. If you adhere to these habits, you will improve your body's health and
protect yourself from problems in the digestive system.
CHAPTER TWO: GROWTH
IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS
The concept
of growth in animals
Growth in plants and
animals is a process that involves an increase or change in physical size,
namely length, width, and weight. Growth is a permanent, irreversible change.
These changes occur due to elongation and an increase in the number of cells
and cell division in performing certain functions. Plants grow by increasing
the length of the tips of the roots and stems. Also, plants grow by increasing
the circumference of the stem. Similarly, animals grow by increasing the length
and weight of their bodies.
The development of plants
and animals goes through various stages of change. For plants, changes include
the germination of seeds, the emergence of leaves, roots and other parts such
as flowers, and seeds or fruits.
In the case of animals,
evolution involves changes in body shape and behavior. Examples of evolution in
animals are a caterpillar changing into a butterfly and a baby growing into an
adult. Evolution in plants and animals involves physical and behavioral changes
that are essential to the life of the plant or animal.
Growth in
plants
The stages of plant
growth are a series of changes that occur at different stages in a plant's life
cycle, from seed germination to death. Each stage involves changes that help
the plant grow and continue its life cycle. These stages are seed germination,
seedling stage, leaf growth, reproductive stage, and senescence stage.
Illustration :
stages of plant growth
(a) Seed
germination stage
A mature seed begins to
germinate when it receives the necessary conditions for germination, which are
sunlight, water, air, nutrients and the right temperature. At this stage, roots
begin to grow from the seed capsule and grow towards the soil. The roots absorb
water and nutrients from the soil to support germination. Also, a shoot begins
to grow from the peduncle in the seed and grow towards the soil to begin to
form a stem and leaves. At this stage, the food stored in the seed is used to
give the seed the strength to germinate.
(b)
Seedling stage
After seed germination,
the seedling stage follows. In this stage, the seedling begins to grow rapidly.
The number of leaves increases, the roots continue to grow and strengthen in
the soil to absorb water and nutrients. At this stage, the amount of food is
low, so the seedling begins to make its own food through photosynthesis.
(c) Leaf
growth stage
At this stage, the plant
continues to grow and the number of leaves increases. The roots, stems, and
branches continue to grow and strengthen. The plant continues to make its own
food through photosynthesis.
(d) The
reproductive stage
This is the stage where a
plant matures and changes from the leaf growth stage to the reproductive stage.
At this stage, some plants begin to produce buds. These buds continue to grow
into flowers that contain reproductive parts. The flowers are pollinated and
fertilized, resulting in fruits or seeds. Fruits contain seeds that are used to
produce new plants. Plants such as watermelons, oranges, tomatoes, avocados,
corn, and beans produce fruits that contain seeds. However, there are some
plants that do not produce flowers, but produce seeds that can germinate and
form new plants.
(e) Ageing
stage
Senescence is the natural
aging process of plants, where cell division to perform certain functions
ceases. This causes the tissues and organs of the plant to gradually lose their
ability to function until they die. This process occurs at all stages of plant
growth, although it accelerates in some plants after they produce seeds. Unlike
single-season plants, long-lived plants senesce in organs such as leaves and
flowers. This allows the plants to continue to live and grow for many years
even after those organs die and are removed.
Essential
requirements for plant growth
Plants grow and thrive
well when they get their essential needs.
Illustration: essential
requirements for plant growth.
Plant growth depends on
the availability of essential requirements which are sunlight, air, water,
nutrients and appropriate temperature to enable it to grow well. The lack of
any one of these requirements can affect the growth of the plant. For example,
a plant may receive sufficient sunlight, but if it lacks sufficient water or
nutrients, growth will be affected. The following are the essential
requirements for plant growth:
Sunlight
Sunlight helps plants
grow well. The sun provides light energy and heat. Plants use light energy to
make their own food. Plant leaves have a membrane that absorbs sunlight to help
make food for the plant. The process by which plants use sunlight, water, and
carbon dioxide to make their own food is called photosynthesis. Without enough
sunlight, plants cannot grow well because they will lack food.
Air
Plants use carbon dioxide
gas in photosynthesis. This gas is taken in by plants through pores in their
leaves called stomata. The stomata open and allow carbon dioxide gas to enter
to enable photosynthesis to be completed. A lack of carbon dioxide gas causes
plants to starve to make their own food. Plants need oxygen which is used to
burn food and produce the energy needed for plant growth.
Water
Water is one of the most
important requirements for plant growth. Plants need water to grow well.
Similarly, water is one of the most important requirements for photosynthesis.
Water is absorbed from the soil through the roots. The tips of the roots have
small pores that absorb water through osmosis. After the water is absorbed, it
enters the root, then is transported through the stem to the leaves. The
importance of water in plant growth is:
(a) Dissolving nutrients
in the soil so that they can be absorbed by the roots. Nutrients help plants
grow well.
(b) Transporting food and
distributing it from leaves to other parts of plants.
(c) Balancing the
temperature of plants.
(d) To make plants
strong.
(e) Helping plants make
their own food through photosynthesis.
Supplements
Plants need a variety of
nutrients such as minerals and vitamins to grow well. The basic nutrients for
plant growth include nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. These nutrients are
absorbed by plants from the soil through the roots. Plants obtain nutrients
from the soil or other parts of the soil where they are planted. Small pores
present at the tips of the roots absorb water and nutrients through osmosis.
After entering the root pores, the nutrients are transported through the
taproot to the stem and finally to various parts of the plant.
Auto
Plants need the right
temperature to grow well. The right temperature is important during seed
germination and photosynthesis. If the temperature is too high, plants lose
water and dry out. Also, low temperatures make plants unable to synthesize
their food, seeds fail to germinate and even lead to plant death.
GROWTH IN
ANIMALS
Animal growth depends on
the presence of essential requirements such as suitable climate and
environment, good nutrition and access to sufficient water.
Good
nutrition
Animals need a complete
diet that includes all the essential nutrients such as protein, carbohydrates,
fats, vitamins and minerals. Deficiencies in these nutrients in the diet can
lead to poor growth and poor physical development.
Weather and
environment
Animals are affected by
the environment in which they live. Unfavorable conditions such as extreme
heat, extreme cold, poor air quality, and lack of space can cause stress and
slow down their growth. For animals' bodies to function efficiently, they need
a moderate temperature. In addition, the right amount of light in the
environment is necessary for animal growth. For some species, sufficient light
stimulates appetite and hormone production, thus increasing the rate of growth
and production.
Water
Animals need clean and
safe water for their growth. Water is an essential requirement for bodily
functions such as digestion, body temperature regulation, and the transport of
nutrients within the body. All of these factors are essential for animal growth.
The following are examples of various changes in animal growth:
(a) Butterflies go
through various stages of development which are:
(b) The frog goes through
the following stages of development:
(c) humans go through
successive stages of development
Stages of
growth in the human body
The development of the
human body is divided into various stages. These stages are early childhood,
childhood, adolescence, adulthood, and old age. Each stage involves specific
physical changes.
(a) Early
childhood
This is the first stage
of human development that begins when a child is born and reaches two years of
age. This is the period when a child is born and begins to learn various
things. During this period, the child learns to touch, walk and have feelings.
As time goes by, the child begins to hold his head, sit down, crawl, roll over
and walk a few steps without help. After reaching the age of two, the child
begins to run, climb and descend on various objects without help. Also, the
child's ability to remember and speak increases. Feelings of anger, happiness,
sadness and fear are some of the behaviors seen in this stage. The child also
learns to love and trust people, especially those who serve and care for him.
Baby teeth begin to erupt at this stage.
(b) Paint
The childhood period
lasts from two (2) to thirteen (13) years. During this period, the child
increases in height and weight, this is accompanied by many changes in their
bodies. At this stage, baby teeth fall out and permanent teeth grow in. The
child develops a great ability to climb on various objects, jump, manipulate
various objects, run, eat by himself, draw and paint. The child learns to
fulfill his social needs, for example, to dress, eat and bathe by himself.
During this period, the development of knowledge depends largely on the support
of parents or guardians. Also, the relationship between the child and parents
or guardians is very important during this period. Children need to have a
complete diet, a good play environment, good health care, regular hygiene, a
good place to sleep and clothing.
(c) Growth
during adolescence
This is a period of
transition towards adulthood. This period involves the puberty of a teenager.
Puberty is a period recognized as the transition from childhood to adulthood.
During this period, major mental, physical, social and behavioral changes occur.
This period is also influenced by physiological stimuli, namely hormones, which
cause physical and mental changes. Boys usually enter puberty when they reach
the age of 12 to 13 years and girls enter puberty between the ages of 11 to 12
years. Some boys and girls enter puberty earlier or later than the average
time. The condition of this early or late onset depends on genetic, nutritional
and environmental factors.
Physical
changes during puberty
Girls and boys experience
various changes during puberty.
(a)
Physical changes during puberty in a girl
In the case of a girl,
these changes make her look more attractive.
Physical
changes in a girl during puberty include:
(i) Breast growth and
enlargement.
(ii) Increased sweat
gland function.
(iii)
Increased vaginal discharge.
(iv) Growth of hair in
the armpits and areas around the vagina.
(v) Increase in height
and weight.
(vi) The voice changes
and becomes softer.
(vii) Acne on the face.
(viii) Widening of the
waist or hips.
(ix) Ovulation and the
onset of menstruation or the breaking of the cervix.
Menstrual
cycle
Menstruation is the
natural biological process of the discharge of blood mixed with mucus from the
uterine wall through the vagina. The first menstruation is one of the primary
signs of puberty in a girl. Menstruation results from the shedding of the lining
and walls of the uterus. Normally, menstruation occurs once a month.
as part of her cycle in
which one or more eggs mature. The menstrual cycle is the period from the first
day of menstruation to the day before the next menstruation. Usually the
menstrual cycle is 28 days as Figure 6 shows. However, there are some women who
have cycles between 21 and 35 days.
Figure: 28-day
menstrual cycle
The onset of menstruation
marks the breakdown of the uterine lining that was built to receive the zygote
if the egg were to be fertilized. The duration of menstruation varies from one
person to another. Usually menstruation lasts between 3 and 5 days. However,
some women may have shorter or longer periods up to 7 days. During
menstruation, special devices called feminine pads or feminine towels are used
to absorb the blood that comes through the vagina. It is recommended to use
cotton pads. Pads are worn inside the underwear using special stickers or
straps. It is recommended to change the pad regularly, at least every three to
four hours, to maintain hygiene and prevent possible problems such as fever or
infection.
Irregularities
in the menstrual cycle
Sometimes irregularities
occur in the menstrual cycle. These include discomfort during menstruation,
missed periods, severe pain during menstruation, and prolonged heavy bleeding.
These irregularities can be caused by hormonal changes, stress, or medical
problems.
Feeling
unwell during menstruation: For
some women, menstruation is accompanied by feeling unwell. This is a condition
that can make a person unable to perform their tasks effectively during
menstruation. The effects of this condition can last for a few hours and for
others for many days. This condition varies from one person to another. These
conditions include depression, anger, upset stomach, headaches, dizziness,
rapid heartbeat, loss of appetite and fluid in the legs, arms and fingers. To
reduce the severity of this condition, it is recommended to exercise at least 3
to 5 times a week. Also, eat a full diet including fruits, sleep enough and
rest.
Severe pain
during menstruation: Some
women experience severe pain during menstruation. This pain can occur since the
girl has reached puberty or begins later. This pain occurs due to the
contraction of the walls of the uterus due to the incorrect balance of hormones
in the body. Other causes that can cause pain during menstruation are
infections in the cervix. It is also caused by inflammation in the uterus and
infections in the reproductive system. These problems can affect any woman.
However, women who are most likely to experience this problem are those who
smoke, drink alcohol, and are overweight as well as those who reach puberty at
a young age before 11 years.
Heavy
bleeding: Some women
experience heavier bleeding than usual during menstruation. Others experience
bleeding for more days than usual. This can be caused by the blood not clotting
properly. Also, hormonal imbalances can cause a woman to bleed more than usual
during menstruation.
(b)
Physical changes during puberty in a boy
During puberty, a boy
experiences some changes as follows:
(i) Growth of the
testicles and penis.
(ii) Increased sweat
gland function.
(iii) Growth of hair
under the armpits and around the genitals, chest, abdomen and beard in some
boys.
(iv) Increase in height
and weight.
(v) Voice becomes hoarse.
(vi) Acne on the face of
some boys.
(vii) Having wet dreams.
(viii) Muscle enlargement
in the chest and arms.
Social
changes during puberty
During puberty, some of
the social changes that occur in girls and boys are as follows:
(a) Beginning
to become self-aware: During adolescence, young people
begin to become more curious and aware of themselves, whether they are girls or
boys, and begin to form emotional relationships.
(b) The
quest for recognition: Young people
during this period are in a quest to gain recognition for their place in
society and the world at large. These pursuits may be influenced by gender,
group affiliation, culture, and family expectations.
(c) Wanting
to be independent: During this period,
young people want to be independent and make their own decisions without
interference from parents or guardians. This situation often leads to conflicts
between young people and their parents or guardians. Parents or guardians have
the responsibility to guide their young people, but young people feel they have
the freedom to make their own decisions. Young people have the responsibility
to recognize the role of parents or guardians and have limited freedom.
(d) Wanting
to learn new things: When young
people reach puberty, they like to learn new things and try different things.
This situation leads them to engage in risky behaviors in life. During this
period, young people like to learn various skills such as driving a car and a
motorcycle. Also, some young people start smoking or using drugs. This behavior
leads to starting to have sex, thus leading to unintended pregnancies or
infections: of the AIDS virus and sexually transmitted diseases.
Mental
changes during puberty
During puberty, girls and
boys experience mental changes. These changes are as follows:
(a) to perceive the
things around them in their true nature.
(b) develop skills in
solving complex and complex problems.
(c) understanding another
person's thoughts.
(d) Ignoring the
consequences of the actions they take.
Specific
changes during puberty
During puberty, girls and
boys show changes in their relationships with the society around them. These
changes are as follows:
(a)
Preferring to stay with friends longer than family:
During this period, the
young person sees his friends as more important than his parents, guardians or
siblings. He feels that his friends tell him more because their ideas are in
line with his. Therefore, he sees it as better to spend time with his peers
than with his parents, guardians or siblings.
(b) Having
different perspectives from adults:
This stems from the
desire to form his own views and question everything he sees and hears. He is
not afraid to confront his own feelings and circumstances. In turn, these views
cause conflicts between the young person and his parents, guardians or siblings.
In this case, these conflicts do not have a friendly relationship between the
young person, parent, guardian or sibling as they are only a transitional
state.
(c)
Competitiveness: This
is the period when young people like to compete and compare themselves with
their peers in various matters. They like to be seen as doing well in
everything at home and even outside the home. They like to be seen as role
models.
Emotional
changes
The changes that occur in
the emotions of girls and boys during this period of puberty are as follows:
(a) Showing strong
and deep emotions at different times: The emotions
of the youth during this period change frequently. A small thing can ruin him,
make him angry or stop him. During this period, he may cry or become very angry
due to a small thing. This state of anxiety in the youth either changes with
the state of the brain or when they become young they become aggressive or want
to show emotions in the state of adulthood. This can increase frequent
conflicts in the family and the community where he lives if they are not
understood and filled with him gradually.
(b) Showing more
self-interest : During this period, the young
person cares more about themselves than other people. They like to look good
both physically and mentally. They also compare their appearance to that of
young people from one group or another. This is the 'shabubu', many young
people imitate people they think are famous in terms of how they dress, drink,
look and even walk.
Ways to
cope with the changes that occur during adolescence
The changes that occur
during puberty are inevitable and continuous. However, there are various
methods that, if followed properly, can reduce or eliminate the challenges
associated with these changes. To reduce the effects that arise from puberty,
it is recommended to do the following:
Exercise: During
puberty, a teenager grows rapidly and gains weight, which leads to increased
energy. Exercise helps the circulation of blood and oxygen, which in turn makes
the body more energetic and relieves stress or anxiety, and makes you feel
happier.
Eat a healthy and
balanced diet : Getting enough sleep helps your
body stay healthy and strong. Getting enough sleep helps relieve fatigue and
balance energy levels. A healthy diet that includes foods rich in essential
nutrients contributes to the development of physical and mental health.
Avoiding the use
of alcohol, tobacco and other intoxicants : Alcohol
affects the functioning of the cognitive system and the ability to make good
decisions. Since during this period there are challenges of being unable to
make two decisions. It is advisable to avoid using alcohol and instead adopt a
healthy lifestyle. Also, it is good to maintain respect for others to promote
good morals.
Sharing friends or
siblings in the challenges they are going through :
Challenges from friends or peers can be overwhelming for every teenager.
Sometimes a teenager thinks that they are the only ones who can avoid the
situation. These thoughts increase feelings of anxiety, worry, and
helplessness. Sharing a teenager in the challenges they are going through helps
them get the right advice on how to deal with the challenges they are going
through.
Asking for help
from people or trusting them: Sometimes during
adolescence, young people face challenges that they cannot cope with. It is
important to ask for help from caregivers, teachers, and other people who see
them.
Pay attention to
personal hygiene: Personal hygiene is important during
puberty. This includes bathing, washing clothes, ironing, and brushing your
hair. For girls, it is important to change the sanitary towels they wear during
menstruation.
(d) These
are the days.
The stage of adulthood is
the period when the body's growth reaches its peak or continues to grow slowly.
The human body uses more energy to maintain the health of its systems as life
progresses. This period extends from the age of 18-65. During this period of
adulthood, growth becomes more rapid and the ability to work is complete. A
person becomes confident and able to make good decisions and to be responsible
for various aspects of life, such as exercise, proper nutrition, clothing, and
clean shelter.
(e) Old age
This period of old age
begins at the age of 65 and onwards. During this period, the body's systems
deteriorate and the body becomes weaker compared to youth. The body's energy
capacity decreases, gray hair occurs and the ability to hold a grudge decreases.
The skin becomes dull and the ability to retain memory decreases. The elderly
are given training on hygiene, eating a balanced diet, and doing light
exercise. Regular health check-ups are important to maintain their good health.
CHAPTER THREE: THE
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Concept of
the human reproductive system.
Reproduction is the
biological process by which living things produce new offspring. Reproduction
increases the number of organisms and ensures the existence of a species.
Reproduction continues the existence of the species from one generation to the
next. There are two types of reproduction, which are external reproduction and
social reproduction. External reproduction is asexual (space). External
reproduction is sexual and involves two parents (male and female) and the
fusion of their gametes to form a female egg to produce a new offspring. On the
other hand, asexual reproduction involves only one parent and produces new
offspring that are completely identical to that parent. In humans and other
organisms, reproduction is characterized by a reproductive system.
The reproductive system
is a collection of organs and processes involved in the reproduction of living
organisms. In humans, the reproductive system can be divided into two parts,
the male and the female, each of which has specialized organs that function to
facilitate reproduction. Reproduction in humans is possible after mating. The
reproductive cycle in humans involves the production of gametes. Gametes are
produced in the testes and female gametes or eggs are produced in the ovaries.
The reproductive system
is supported by hormones such as estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone,
which collectively control the size of the female reproductive system, the
menstrual cycle, and the production of female gametes. This system is important
for humans as it causes an increase in the number of living organisms in the
community. Thus, it helps in the continuation of generations. It also enables
the inheritance of their characteristics and contributes to the continuation of
genes from one generation to the next.
Human
reproductive system
The male
reproductive system.
The male reproductive
system has two main parts, the external and internal parts. The external parts
are made up of the penis and testicles. The internal parts are made up of the
vas deferens, urethra, seminal vesicles, prostate, and seminal vesicles. Figure
1 shows the internal and external structures of the male reproductive system.
Illustration: male
reproductive system
Table: parts
of the male reproductive system and their functions
|
No |
Part |
details |
Work |
|
1 |
testicle |
Found inside of a leather bag. The testicles hang
down. behind the penis. Every The man has a pair. of the testicles. |
- To produce gametes and save them - Producing hormones testosterone, involved and genetic changes such as beard growth, The voice becomes
heavy, and the muscles powerful in the period of puberty. |
|
2 |
Sperm tubes |
Coiled tube you connect testicles and urethra. |
Storage and
transportation male sperm (gametes) you) from the testicles to the urethira. |
|
3 |
Penis |
It is a thin tube. available in of the penis and passes from the bladder to the tip of penis. |
- Transporting sperm
mixed with seminal fluid to the female reproductive system. - Transport urine from
the bladder to the outside of the body. |
|
4 |
urethira |
It is a thin tube. available in of the penis and passes from the bladder to the tip of penis. |
- Transporting seeds mixed with seminal fluid to go in the reproductive
system of a woman. - Transporting urine
from in the bladder to the outside of the
body. |
|
5 |
Sperm sac |
It is a pair of organs. small parts of the
system male fertility located near prostate gland, behind bladder. |
Making and giving nutrient-rich fluids which provides energy
for sperm so that they can to swim towards the egg woman. |
|
6 |
Testicles |
It is an organ. found below of the bladder, surrounding the place upper urethra. |
To produce thick,
viscous fluids a slip that helps to protect and to move swimming, sperm smeared male. |
|
7 |
This is a pit. |
It is a pair of organs. available under prostate gland |
Providing supportive
fluids reduce acidity in urethra, to prepare for
passage of sperm. |
Female
reproductive system
The female reproductive
system is the system responsible for the production of eggs or gametes, the
secretion of hormones, and the provision of an environment for conception and
the development of a child. This system is made up of four main parts, which
are the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, and vagina. The female reproductive
system is controlled by the hormones estrogen and progesterone, which support
the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, and the birth process.
Illustration: female
reproductive system
|
That |
Part |
Description |
Work |
|
1 |
Ovari |
It is a pair of glands existing reproductive
side right and left It's the uterus. |
- Making and storing gamete week au ova. -Provide essential
hormones like estrogen and progesterone, which helps control menstrual cycle, development of
reproductive organs and facilitating
pregnancy. These hormones are also
involved and various changes for a girl during Run away. |
|
2 |
Fallopian tubes |
It's two tubes. available on the left and right in the city of pregnancy (uterus). These tubes connect ovaries and uterus. |
- Transporting an egg
from in the ovary to the
city of pregnancy. Also, it
helps in pulling and directing
the egg towards the city of
conception. - It is a place where egg fertilization happens. |
|
3 |
Uterus (city of
pregnancy) |
It is a bag with walls. of thick muscles. During pregnancy, The fetus grows and to mature within uterus until time of delivery. |
- Providing an
environment for growth for the fetus during pregnancy. - Creating a womb |
|
4 |
The cervix |
It is part of under the city of pregnancy (uterus) connecting uterus and vagina. |
- Control and allow blood flow during menstruation. - receiving sperm and provide a way to
pass baby during delivery. |
|
5 |
Week |
It is a part available in between cervical and the outer parts of body. |
- Receiving sperm. - Adopting a child
during delivery. - Provide a blood
supply during menstruation. - Protects the
reproductive organs against infection,
because provides an acidic
environment which prevents bacteria dangerous. |
Defects in the
reproductive system
Reproductive system
disorders are conditions or challenges that can affect the ability of the
female or male reproductive system to function properly. These disorders can be
genetic or medical. These disorders can be hereditary, unhealthy lifestyles,
poor nutrition, chronic diseases or environmental influences such as harmful
chemicals and radiation. In addition, regular screening and early treatment are
important to prevent or correct problems and disorders in the reproductive
system.
the reproduction of a man
and a woman.
Disorders
in the male reproductive system
Male reproductive system
disorders are challenges that can affect the normal functioning of the
reproductive system. Some of these disorders are as follows:
Infertility
This is a condition in
which a man fails to fertilize a female egg, and thus fails to conceive. Male
infertility is caused by various factors including producing fewer sperm, thus
reducing the possibility of reaching and fertilizing the egg. Also, having weak
sperm that are unable to swim to reach the egg. Producing defective sperm, for
example, sperm that are missing a tail, having two tails, missing a head or
having an abnormal shape.
Also, the testicles can
fail to produce sperm due to disease, poor nutrition, or hormonal deficiencies.
Another cause of infertility is blockage of the seminal vesicles due to
sexually transmitted diseases such as gonorrhea and syphilis.
Prostate problems
This is a condition
related to damage or enlargement of the prostate gland. These defects can have
adverse effects on the urinary and reproductive systems. Enlargement of the
prostate gland is caused by infection or cancer. This problem leads to blockage
of the urethra, causing difficulty urinating.
Defects in
the female reproductive system
Defects in the female
reproductive system are challenges that can affect the normal functioning of
the reproductive system. Some of these defects are as follows:
Infertility
It is a condition in
which a woman is unable to conceive for various reasons. Infertility is caused
by various factors including the failure of eggs to mature. This condition is
caused by problems with the production of the hormones estrogen or progesterone.
In addition, infertility
can be caused by sexually transmitted diseases such as gonorrhea, syphilis, and
chlamydia. These diseases cause blockage of the fallopian tubes that carry eggs
for fertilization. These diseases can cause the tubes to become narrow or
scarred, preventing the egg from passing through.
Defects in
the cervix
The cervix can be damaged
by birth defects or infections in the cervix. This can cause the cervix to
become deformed.
Menstrual
disorders
These are disorders that
are caused by the timing, amount of bleeding or discomfort during menstruation.
One of the disorders is the cessation or absence of menstruation in a woman who
is not pregnant for a certain period of time. Other disorders include
experiencing severe pain during menstruation due to tightening of the uterine
muscles. Also, some women experience the problem of bleeding for a longer
period than usual during menstruation. These disorders are caused by problems
with hormone production, especially a lack of estrogen hormone secretion,
genetic disorders, chronic diseases, and depression. These disorders can be
treated and therefore it is important to get medical advice.
Reproductive
system care
The reproductive system
is important for human well-being. Therefore, it is important to take care of
the reproductive system to avoid possible harm and damage or reduce its
effectiveness. These harms are such as infections in the reproductive organs
that lead to diseases. Examples of diseases of the reproductive system are
sexually transmitted diseases, fungal infections, bacteria and other
microorganisms in the reproductive tract. To take care of the reproductive
system, we should do the following:
Pay
attention to cleanliness
It is important to
maintain good personal hygiene by bathing with clean water and soap every day.
It is also important to clean the private parts every time you go to relieve
yourself using clean water. Similarly, using clean toilets and maintaining good
hygiene in the toilet are important in protecting the reproductive system.
Wearing dry and clean underwear every day and avoiding sharing underwear with
another person to avoid infection.
Focus
on good nutrition and exercise
Getting a good diet with
the right nutrients in the right proportions and drinking enough water helps
maintain the reproductive system. Also, exercising regularly helps strengthen
the body and its systems. Exercise also helps avoid excess weight that can
affect the body and the reproductive system.
Avoiding
risky behavior
Some habits are harmful
to the health of the human body. The use of alcohol, cigarettes and other
intoxicants deteriorates the health of the body and the reproductive systems as
well. It is good to avoid these habits in order to have a healthy reproductive
system.
CHAPTER FOUR: MAGNETISM
The
concept of magnetism
Magnetism is the ability
of a magnet to attract or repel objects. A magnet uses this ability to attract
objects of metallic nature. Therefore, a magnet is a device that has the
ability to attract objects of metallic nature. Every magnet has two ends. These
ends are the North (N) and South (S) ends. A magnet produces a magnetic field.
A magnetic field is the area around a magnet in which the magnetic force is
felt. The magnetic force is what causes objects to be attracted or repelled by
a magnet. Therefore, the magnetic force to attract or repel is caused by
magnetism. Also, the magnetic force is represented by imaginary lines called
magnetic force lines that appear when you spread iron powder around a
rectangular magnet. The iron powder arranges itself in a specific pattern and
forms lines.
Magnet shapes
Magnets can be found in a
variety of shapes depending on their use. Examples of magnet shapes include
rectangular magnets, quadrilateral magnets, U-shaped magnets, circular magnets,
and circular bar magnets. Each shape affects how the magnet creates a magnetic
field. Also, the shape of the magnet affects its use.
His.
Illustration: magnetic
shapes
Magnetic properties
Magnets have various
important properties that explain their behavior. Some of these properties are:
(a) Magnets attract
objects of metallic nature.
(b) The magnetic force is
greatest at the ends of the magnet.
(c) When two magnets are
brought close together, the like ends repel each other and the unlike ends
attract each other.
The shape of a magnet
affects its ability to attract objects. Also, the ends of a magnet have a
greater force on objects than the other parts of the magnet, which tend to have
a smaller force on objects.
The
principle of magnetism
The basic law of
magnetism states that " Like poles repel each other and unlike
poles attract each other ".
When you push the two
north poles of a magnet in the opposite direction, the magnetic force pushes
the poles away from each other. This is because the magnetic forces repel each
other. On the other hand, the north pole of one magnet attracts the south pole
of the other magnet. This work demonstrates the Law of Magnetism.
Uses of
magnets
Magnets are used in
various places such as homes, schools, hospitals and industries. The following
are some of the uses of magnets. Lifting heavy objects Magnets are used to lift
objects of metallic nature. These objects can be moved from one place to another.
In ports, magnets are also used in the loading and unloading of cargo of
metallic nature.
Illustration: A
magnet holding and lifting a load
Electronic equipment
repair
Telephone, radio, and
computer technicians use screwdrivers and other magnetic tools to pick up small
screws that hold telephones, radios, or computers together. Figure 9 shows a
screw picked up by a magnetic screwdriver.
Illustration: A
magnetic screwdriver holding a screw
Making an
electric alarm
Magnets are used to make
electric bells. When you press the bell, an electric current produces a
magnetic force. Thus, the magnetic force causes the bell to strike and make a
sound.
Showing
direction
A compass is a magnetic
device that shows the direction of the north and south poles of the earth. A
compass is used to guide people to identify the cardinal points of the earth.
It is also used to guide ship captains and airplane pilots to the right direction.
Illustration: Compass
Generating
electricity
Magnets are used to
generate electricity. A bicycle dynamo has a magnet that is surrounded by a
coil. When the bicycle wheel spins, it causes the magnet to also spin. The
rotation of the magnet generates electricity in the coil. This electricity is
transmitted through wires to the lamp, causing the lamp to light up. When the
bicycle wheels spin faster, the electricity generated increases and the lamp
shines brighter. When the bicycle wheels spin slower, the electricity decreases
and the lamp shines brighter.
Illustration: a
magnet on a bicycle dynamo
Separating
things
Magnets are used to
separate ferrous and non-ferrous materials. This technique is used in the food
industry to separate metal particles from food products. This helps ensure
safety and prevent food contamination.
Illustration: A
magnet separating iron particles from flour
Magnets are also used in
various electronic and technological devices. Some of these items are
refrigerators, radios, telephones, computers, generators, bank cards, voice
recorders, and loudspeakers.
Magnet care
A magnet loses its
strength when its ends attract each other and disrupt the arrangement of the
particles inside the magnet. A magnet maintains its strength for a long time if
we consider the following:
(a) Place magnets in a
place where they will not come into contact with metallic objects.
(b) Make sure that the
ends of the identical magnets do not point towards each other.
(c) Do not burn the
magnet.
(d) Demagnetization near
objects with higher magnetic or electrical properties.
(e) Do not crush or knock
the magnet.
CHAPTER FIVE: COMPUTER
CODING
Sequence
control structure
In a sequence control
structure, program instructions are executed
in a specific order, one
step at a time. This means
that is, the instructions
for the first step are carried out first, then the second,
until the last.
A good example of work
that is done in stages is crop production.
In planting crops in the
field, the steps are:
1. Preparing the field;
2. Planting seeds;
3. Weeding; and
4. Harvest.
Note that these steps
must be followed in order to complete the task. For example, you cannot plant
seeds before preparing the field, because the seeds will not germinate.
This concept of working
in sequence is also used in computer programs. For example, in the Scratch
program, we use a sequential control structure by arranging blocks of
instructions from top to bottom. The computer will follow those instructions in
that sequence.
Variables
and operators
Many computer programs
that we use every day perform various calculations. For example, computer
programs are used by banks and supermarkets to perform calculations involving
money and goods. Imagine you have visited a supermarket, bought 3 pens for 300/=
shillings each, a ruler for 500/= shillings and 2 candies for 100/= shillings
each. If you pay with a 2000/= shilling note, the store's program will
calculate the total amount you have to pay (i.e. 1600/= shillings) and the
money to give you back as change (i.e. 400/= shillings). Summary of the
information in this example
are shown in the
following Table.
Table: List
of purchases
|
Product type |
Number |
Price of each item (shillings) |
Subtotal (shillings) |
|
Pen |
3 |
300/= |
900/= |
|
Rules |
1 |
500/= |
500/= |
|
Cheek |
2 |
100/= |
200/= |
|
Total |
|
|
1600/= |
In this example, each
product has a quantity and a price. In order for a computer program to perform
these calculations, it needs a way to represent these measurements (quantity).
and price). The method is
to use variables. A computer program can have any number of variables. Each
variable is identified by a name and can have different values when the
program is started and continues to run. Examples of variables that we can create
from this example are NumberOfPens (value = 3), PriceOfPens (value = 300) and
PriceOfRuler (value = 500). It is recommended that when you suggest a variable
name, suggest a name that will remind you of the measurement it represents. The
Scratch program allows you to create and use variables. Before you can use a
variable, you must create it. When you are finished using a variable, you can
delete it.
Once a variable is
defined, it can be used in various places in the program. Referring to the
example of using computer programs in a supermarket, variables can be used to
find the subtotal of each item, the grand total of all items, and the change
you will receive. For example, to find the subtotal of pens, the calculation
can be represented as PriceOfPens * NumberOfPens. PriceOfPens and NumberOfPens
represent the price of each pen (which is 300 shillings) and the number of pens
(which is 3) respectively.
Note that in
calculations, the * operator is used to represent multiplication instead of the
x symbol used in mathematics. Other operators you can use are: addition (+),
subtraction (-), division (/), and remainder (%).
In addition to the
arithmetic operators, the program also uses comparison operators such as: less
than (<), greater than (>) and equal to (=). There are also logical
operators including: and, or and not.
The following
exercises show how to use variables and operators to perform calculations.
Recurrence
control structure
Some tasks require a
certain action to be repeated several times before getting the final result. In
coding this is known as iteration or loops. Refer to the following tasks in the
game:
(a) Move the character
ten steps to the right.
(b) Move the object to
the right until it touches the edge.
(c) Playing sound while
the game is in progress.
All of these tasks
require the action to be repeated several times before getting the final
result. The first task requires moving the character ten steps to the right,
you will repeat moving the character one step at a time until you reach ten.
For the second task, you need to move the character to the right until it
touches the edge. For the third task, you need to play a sound while the game
is going on, the sound should be repeated without ending until the end. The
first and second tasks the repeated action is go one step to the right and the
third the repeated action is play a sound.
You will notice that, in
the first example, the action is repeated a specific number of times (ten
times). In the second example, the action is repeated until something happens
(the object touches the edge). In the third example, the action is repeated indefinitely
until the game ends.
This means that there are
three types of looping in a program, which are repeat ( ), repeat until ( ),
and forever. For a repeat loop ( ), the value inside the parentheses indicates
how many times the action will be repeated. For a repeat until ( ), the value
inside the parentheses indicates the condition that will cause the loop to
stop. A forever loop will continue to execute indefinitely until you stop it
manually or use a stop block. In Scratch, these loops are found in Controller
blocks.
Figure: types
of loops in Scratch
Decision
control structure
Some tasks require the
program to choose between different actions based on certain conditions. In
coding, this is known as a decision or choice. Refer to the following tasks in
the game.
(a) If the object touches
the edge of the platform, change its color.
(b) If the number is a
fraction, say Number is a fraction, otherwise say Number is a fraction.
All of these tasks
require the program to make decisions. In the first task, the program has one
option, to change the color if the border is touched. In the second task, the
program has two options, to say Number is a string or Number is an integer. To make
simple decisions in Scratch, an if() then block is used. Similarly, to choose
between two options, an if() then block is used.
Example: The
if () then and if ( )then () else blocks require prior information in order for
the program to make a decision. This information is known as the condition-for
decision control structure, and is placed in the hexagon shape above the
decision block.
Drawing
shapes in Scratch
Shapes are among the
objects used to create simple interactive games. To draw a shape in Scratch,
you need to add the Pen extension. To add the Pen extension, follow these
steps:
1. Click the Add
extension icon located in the lower left corner. See Figure (a).
2. Click the Pen
extension to add it to your app drawer. See Figure (b).
Figure: developing
a pen extension
Examples of pen-drive
blocks are:
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